This Access Control Systems FAQ brings together the most common questions around access control systems, from core components and access methods to fire alarm integration, cloud-based access control systems and installation considerations. They do far more than simply lock and unlock doors, managing who can access different areas, when they can do so, and how that access is monitored, recorded and controlled. As buildings become more complex, with higher user volumes, multiple access points and integrated safety requirements, building access control needs to balance security, accessibility and day-to-day usability.
What is an access control system?
An access control system controls who can enter a building, room or site, when they can access it, and under what conditions. Modern building access control systems use digital credentials and centralised management software rather than mechanical keys, providing greater security, flexibility and traceability.
We’ve written a broader overview of how access control works across different building types.
What are the main components of an access control system?
An access control system typically consists of five core components, each with a distinct role in controlling and managing access.
| Component | Purpose |
| ID | The mechanism that is used to recognise a user or visitor, such as an ID badge, username or fob |
| Authentication | Verifies that the user is who they claim to be, for example, a PIN or fingerprint. |
| Authorisation | Determines whether the user has permission to access a resource or space. |
| Access Decision | Grants or denies access based on the defined rules. |
| Accountability | Logs and audits that record access activity and system decisions. |
What access methods can be used with modern systems?
Access control systems can use a range of credentials, including cards or fobs, mobile phone credentials, PIN codes and biometric identification such as fingerprint or facial recognition. These methods can be used individually or combined for higher-security areas.
The most appropriate method depends on user numbers, traffic flow and security requirements.
If I have a large number of users for the system, what are my options?
A simple electronic lock and/or electric strike for a small office or residential project might do the job. But when there are hundreds or thousands of users, possibly across several locations of buildings, what then?
What’s needed is an online system with a centralised control that can handle as many entrances as required, allowing total flexibility in access through specific doors for specific people. But it also offers the option to record an audit trail showing who has come through the door and when, and it can integrate with the building’s alarm systems, personnel protocols, and accessibility requirements.
I don’t want push-button locks, what other sort can I use?
The most common and popular access method is a proximity reader, and users find it very simple to use. But there’s also the option of swipe cards and audio/video systems. More and more companies are also using biometric systems with fingerprint or facial recognition software. It really depends on the required security level and the amount of traffic that will come through the portal. Anyone who has travelled on the London Underground using a debit card will know just how quick and efficient a proximity reader system can be where there is a high level of traffic.
I need to integrate the access control with the building’s fire alarms and other systems. What can I do?
Online access control systems can simply be interfaced with the fire alarm systems, usually achieved by a Fire Interface Board. In this case, when the fire alarm is activated, power to the locks is cut, and they automatically open (fail-safe). This is usually achieved using magnetic locks, which open in the event of a fire, although in very sophisticated systems, the power can be maintained on certain doors to retain security functions.
While a fail-safe is the most commonly specified option, in some settings, a fail-secure option may be required, and in this case, when the power is cut, the doors will lock.
Modern technology means it’s possible to link all sorts of other systems into the access control arrangements, like clocking in and out at a commercial property (time and attendance software), cashless vending systems in schools and colleges, and audit trails in sensitive environments. The possibilities are almost limitless.
Can I use access control and door automation to improve accessibility?
Yes! We have all used doors with an automatic option, often operated by a push button on the door. But the same principle applies to buildings where users require wheelchair access. In this case, it might be necessary to adjust the proximity reader’s parameters to unlock and open the door from farther away, making it easier for the user to access the building or room. The building’s design or use can dictate how the doors are used, and the solutions’ flexibility can usually accommodate this.
Can access control be used on doors made of different materials?
: As well as the weight of the door and the level of security that metal doors imply, a steel door can sometimes cause problems with certain sorts of proximity readers, interfering with their efficiency, so you may want to opt for a different access method. But whatever the door material, there is invariably a solution.
Are cloud-based systems secure?
Yes. Cloud-based access control systems use encrypted communications to manage access remotely. This makes it easy to update permissions, revoke lost credentials and maintain clear audit trails across a building or site. Cloud-based systems are particularly effective in buildings with changing occupancy or multiple access points, as explained in the access control systems overview.
What type of locking system is used with access control?
The locking system for the access control system should be chosen to suit the door, its security level and the building’s fire strategy. Common options include electric strikes, magnetic or solenoid locks, and shear locks or solenoid bolts where higher security is required. Lock selection should always be coordinated with the wider integrated access control system and the building’s life-safety requirements.
Can access control be used with automatic doors?
Yes. Access control systems can be integrated with automatic doors to support accessibility and ease of movement. Proximity readers can be set to activate doors from greater distances or configured differently for entry and exit without compromising security.
What power supply do these systems require?
Most access control systems operate on a 12V or 24V DC power supply. Even where mains power is available at the door, it must be converted to a suitable DC supply to operate electronic locking devices safely and reliably.
When should access control be considered in a building project?
Access control should be considered early in a project and planned alongside doors, hardware and fire safety systems. Early involvement from access control specialists ensures the access control system is compliant, fully integrated and suited to how the building will be used.
Next steps
If you are planning a new building or upgrading an existing one, access control should be considered early and integrated into the wider door and security strategy.
Em-B designs, supplies and installs access control systems for commercial, education, healthcare and shared-use buildings nationwide. To discuss a project or explore the right solution, contact Em-B’s access control team.
The Guild of Architectural Ironmongers has put together a Specifiers’ Guide to Access Control for further reference.
